Soccer Informative Speech Essay - 960 Words

Have you ever heard the saying, â€Å"have you ever wanted something so much it hurt†? Well, when I say it. I’m talking about literally hurting. Your legs are so sore, it feels like you can’t take another stride, your so out of breath from chasing the ball around, and your so exhausted from last nights practice, your bed seems to be the most attractive thing to you right now. Three hour practices of straight running, push ups, and sit ups has its pros and cons. Even at times when you feel like you need a break, pushing yourself through it is what makes you a better player. I choose to inform you on soccer because I’ve played my whole life, from 5 years old until my senior year in high school, and its something I know about. The three main†¦show more content†¦Understanding that and accepting it is a person with good sportsmanship. Where as if they were upset at their teammates for not doing their part and getting overly upset at the other team for playing good soccer is not good sportsmanship. At the end of the game, whether you have lost or have won you always shake hands with the other team. It is always necessary to let the other team know that it was a good well-played game whatever the outcome was. A person with good sportsmanship would clearly accept that fact. People that do have good sportsmanship are more easy to be around. It’s almost like they’re carefree and just play soccer for the fun of the game and not just for the win. Don’t get me wrong, it is always better to win, but everyone loses at least once in his or her lives. Lastly, I think that dedication is another key component to playing yet again, not just soccer, but any sport. Having a teammate that isn’t dedicated is like having an employee not show up to work every other day. You need that person to be there to get the job done. If you miss days of practice or even games, those are days that everyone is running an hour more tha n you and are gaining more endurance. It almost will seem like you can see the players that aren’t as dedicated on the field because they don’t care as much. An article called what motivates athletes by psychology today states thatShow MoreRelatedTranslation of Newspapers. Problems of British-American Press Headlines Translation15808 Words   |  64 Pages(the oratorical sub style, the radio and TV commentary), essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journalistic articles. The general aim of the newspaper, or publicistic, style is to influence the public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener.Materials of informative newspaper genre constitute the core content of newspaper contexts. A translator of social and political literature often has to translate articles and notes of informative nature from British and American newspapers, and he shouldRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesprobable good consequences of each action and the probable bad consequences while weighing the positive and negative impact of each consequence. It’s a kind of cost-benefit analysis. Exercises 1. Columbus Day is an American holiday. Write a short essay that weighs the pros and cons and then comes to a decision about whether there should be more or less public celebration (by Americans and their institutions) on Columbus Day, October 12. Here is some relevant background information to reduce yourRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesmanagement textbook, it is important that you understand its distinctive learner-focused features especially the five-step learning model: Skill Assessment, Skill Learning, Skill Analysis, Skill Practice, and Skill Application. You’ll also find informative research on how much managers’ actions impact individual and organizational performance, and the characteristics of effective managers. †¢ Thoughtfully complete the Skill Assessment surveys in each chapter. These diagnostic tools are designed to

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights - 1840 Words

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights Article XXVI: Right to Education The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was drafted in 1948 and one of the articles, article XXVI deals with protection of the fundamental rights, right to education: (1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit. (2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and†¦show more content†¦In the world’s perception of the right to education changes has been made in the few past decades. the changes occurred in three phases or stages. In the first phase, lasting from the late 1940s up until the early 1960s, international concern over the provision of ‘fundamental education’ came to focus particularly on literacy and expansion of elementary of primary education in developing countries. The second phase started in the mid 1960s until the late 1970s when focus passed on functional illiteracy and expansion of elementary education continued. In the last phase, from 1980s until the present functional literacy was regarded as an aspect of learning needs. Two general points for educational policy can be made. The first is national efforts to reach out to those illiterate adults especially in Africa and the second to expand access to elementary education for the younger generation again mainly in Africa. These two points are the grounds for fulfillment of the UDHR article XXVI – right to education. Other provisions can be only partially fulfilled such as free education, but two provisions I mentioned can be fulfilled entirely in the whole world. The assessment of the fulfillment of the right to education is done by using so called 4As framework, which means thatShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagespeople. Culture can impede progress and leave women, minorities and other sub-sects of a society without the basic human rights that they deserve. Clinging too close to culture can be dangerous. The Foundations of a Universal Declaration The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was drafted shortly after the United Nations was established in 1945. The aim of the Declaration was to ensure that an atrocity such as the mass killings of Jews and other minorities in Nazi Germany would never happenRead MoreThe Universal Declaration of Human Rights1131 Words   |  5 PagesHuman rights are moral principles that set out specific standards of human behavior, and are normally ensured as lawful rights in both national and global law. They are acknowledged to be inalienable, since anybody is characteristically qualified for it essentially on the grounds that they are individuals. Whatever our nationality, sex, shade, religion, dialect, or ethnic source is, we are all just as qualified for our rights without separation or discrimination. All human rights are resolute andRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1368 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human rights was adopted in the UN gene ral assembly by the 10th December 1948. This is the first time that the world recognized that everyone had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want, and many other rights. International human rights come along way; before there was no rights. The idea of having rights that led to the development of international human rights takes time. There are benchmarks developments in internationalRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesA human right is an ethical choice and moral belief belonging to all humans regardless of traits, status, location, color, gender, or belief system. Making the connection to a universal law, the United Nations Rights High Commissioner explains these rights are, â€Å"guaranteed by law† and protected as â€Å"fundamental freedoms† (OHCHR, 2016). The Cambridge Dictionary defines privilege as â€Å"an advantage that only one person or group of people has† listing examples such as having a high social position or wealthRead MoreUniversal Declaration Of Human Rights1263 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, a doctrine created to ensure a mutual standard of treatment amongst all humans, every person deserves an equal set of life standards. According to Article 18 of this 30 Article document, â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teachingRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1417 Words   |  6 PagesImplemented in 1948, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) delineates the basic rights and freedoms entitled to all humans. The freedom of speech and the right to express beliefs freely is a universal human right protected by Article 19 of the UDHR. It declares that â€Å"everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression† and can â€Å"hold opinions without interference†. The regional agreements of Iran, China and Bahrain are in accordance with the Universal Declaration and are fully dedicatedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1485 Words   |  6 Pages1003236982 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states â€Å"that human rights are held by all persons equally and universally forever† –hence, they are universal held. This is due to them being the exact same for all human beings anywhere in the world. One cannot acquire human rights because of where they come from, but because they are a member of the human race. Nobody can lose those human rights, nor can they be taken away for whatever the reason may be. Together, we have the right to express ourselvesRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights892 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rigths is an essential component of a tolerant and individually satisfied society. They are created to defend people’s dignity, equality and liberty. However, for thousands of years people lived with no garanteed rights, until 1948, when United Nations adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. But is the Universal Declaration of Human Rigths really universal to all states and hu mans living in them? I am going to argue if Human Rights should or should not be unically adapted to differentRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights875 Words   |  4 PagesI feel that the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) does have a western bias. Many people look to US for guidance, but not many other nations copy our way of life. States can sign treaties, but they cannot be reassured that the other nation will keep its word. The US and the UN should maybe not be engaging in promoting western society, but they should be engaging in promoting the protection of human rights. The UN UDHR fought for minimal rights in 1948 by identifying three types of generationsRead MoreThe Declaration Of Universal Human Rights869 Words   |  4 PagesGeneral Assembly (UNGA) set forth a declaration of universal human rights. The goal was to set a common standard of rights based on â€Å"recognition of the inherent dignity and equal and inalienable rights of all members of th e human family.† It was meant to become the perfect social contract but unfortunately was not upheld even by the signatory nations themselves. Many critics now looking back have cited the overreaching ideals as the downfall of the declaration but yet many have responded saying it

Cuban Missile Crissis Essay Research Paper The free essay sample

Cuban Missile Crissis Essay, Research Paper The Cuban Missile Crisis by Tim Seigel History period 7 December 11, 1998 Back in 1962 most people thought at that place could non be a atomic war. It was a clip occupied by the Cold War. They were incorrect. The U.S.A, Soviet Union, and Cuban states were so close they could experience atomic war take a breathing down their cervixs. The people of the U.S. were so close to being incinerated, and they didn # 8217 ; t even cognize it. The Soviets had such a physique up of missiles in Cuba they could hold wiped-out most of the Continental United States. The physique up of these missiles, and the jobs faced in October of 1962 are known as the Cuban missile Crisis. On October 20 second, 1962, John F. Kennedy, who that flushing revealed the presence of Soviet missiles on Cuba, the crisis was about a weak old. In President Kennedy? s telecasting broadcast, he informed the population that U. We will write a custom essay sample on Cuban Missile Crissis Essay Research Paper The or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page S. surveillance of the Soviet military build-up on the island of Cuba had uncovered a series of violative missile sites now in readying to fire. This declared that the intent of these bases could be none other than to supply a atomic work stoppage capableness against the Western Hemisphere. Kennedy called for a prompt dismantlement and backdown of all violative arms under the United Nations supervising. In one minor facet, Kennedy was mistaken. The Soviet determination merely seemed sudden. Actually taken five months before, it was both a high-stakes gamble and the logical merchandise of sustained aggravation. More significantly, the President misread the Kremlin? s motivations. Deriving a atomic work stoppage capableness was non Khrushev? s merely or chief intent. In Fact, the Soviet leader had persuaded his politburo co-workers that U.S. aggression against Cuba was all excessively likely and could merely be overcome by the installing of the medium-range R-12 ballistic missiles and intermediate-range R-14 ballistic missiles and that specially trained people had to travel Cuba to do them operational. Between October 14th and October 28th 1962 the universe was neer closer to a atomic war, than the events that happened during those 13 yearss of the Cuban missile crisis. In The crisis involved three states, with three leaders. The United States had John F. Kennedy, the Soviet Union had Nikita Khrushchev, and Cuba had Fidel Castro, a dictator over Fulgenico Bftista. These three states are linked together in one of the most astonishing motions in the cold war. ? Throughout the late summer and early fall of 1962, Americans became progressively disturbed at the rapid buildup of Soviet military aid to the Republic of Cuba. The attack of the congressional elections in November merely exacerbated the state of affairs for the Kennedy disposal as Republican senators inflamed the domestic scene by naming for an invasion of Cuba. ? 1 The Soviet Union and Cuba were together against the United States in hope to damage the United States credibleness to other states, and to derive greater influence over Latin America. The state of affairs increased in strength as the authoritiess of the United States and the Soviet Union exchanged hostile statements. The Kremlin indicated that the addition of weaponries and technicians to Cuba was required by the uninterrupted menaces by aggressive imperialist circles with regard to Cuba. On the twenty-fifth of October, U-2 planes took images of the missiles in Cuba. President Kennedy ordered the missiles withdrawn from Cuba, but Khrushchev would non retreat. ? There where five theories as possible grounds for the Soviet emplacement of missiles in Cuba: ( 1 ) Cold war political relations to prove U.S. resoluteness, ( 2 ) a recreation to cover a Soviet move on Berlin, ( 3 ) defence of Cuba to beef up the Soviet Union in a competition with the people? s Republic of China, ( 4 ) purchase for dickering for the backdown of U.S. abroad bases, and ( 5 ) a agency of changing the strategic balance of power. President Kennedy regarded the 3rd and 5th grounds as supplying likely, but deficient motivations for what he considered a drastic and unsafe going from traditional Soviet foreign and myocardial infarction litary policies. ? 2 The United States took an estimation and figured that the Soviets and Cubans could merely hold about 44 sub-launched Polaris missiles and about one-hundred bombers on Cuba, and the United States had one-hundred 56 ICBM missiles ready to travel along with one-hundred 44 sub-launched Polaris missiles and one-thousand three-hundred bombers. ? Commenting on possible Soviet motivations, Taylor Maxwell lists five plausible grounds for the Soviets emplacing missiles in Cuba: ( 1 ) to support Cuba from U.S. invasion, ( 2 ) to increase with a lower limit of Soviet Financial expenditures the coverage of U.S. marks by strategic atomic arms, ( 3 ) to dicker the remotion of Soviet missiles in Cuba for the remotion of U.S. missiles in Turkey and Italy, ( 4 ) to deviate the United States from the defence of Berlin, and ( 5 ) to beef up Khrushchev? s leading in the Soviet Politburo. ? 3 The United States had more missiles and bombers than the Soviet and Cuban forces. After that, during September, President Kennedy increased the agenda of U-2 reconnaissance flights over Cuba. Each of these flights confirmed that their was more and more to detect in Cuba. But that didn’t matter much because the Soviet and Cuban forces already had major metropoliss, including New York and Washington D.C. , targeted with missiles. With these metropoliss targeted the Soviets and Cubans had the power to kill two-hundred-million people a twenty-four hours. One class of action taken was before the crisis, about 20 months before. This was called Bay of Pigs. The invasion started on April 17th 1961 and ended on April nineteenth. The force used for the invasion wasn # 8217 ; t United States soldiers, but about one-thousand five 100 Cuban expatriates. The invasion was unsuccessful because the conveyance ships of the encroachers got caught on seaweed in the bay. Three-hundred of the expatriates were killed and the staying one-thousand two-hundred subsisters were captured. After the crisis, in December of 1962, the United States exchanged $ 53 million worth of U.S. supplies to Cuba for the safe return of the expatriates. Another class of action taken was a full naval encirclement. The encirclement was to coerce the Soviets to take the missiles. The U.S. ships stopped all ships traveling to Cuba to look into for missiles or parts. Besides, so the United States could larn about the state of affairs. President Kennedy? s desire for personal and national prestigiousness dictated his response to the Soviet venture in Cuba. He spurned the normal diplomatic channels in favour of a naval encirclement, an act of war. Rather than present to the Soviet Union and ultimatum in private before the presence of the missiles was of the United States was disclosed to the universe, Kennedy decided to put the prestigiousness of the United States on the line by public confrontation. While Kennedy? s celebrity increased during the crisis by his chase awaying any semblance that the United States would non contend for what it considered its vita involvements, recognition for the declaration of the crisis belongs to Khrushchev. On the twenty-eighth of October, Castro panicked and said he was traveling to hold the missiles fired, Khrushchev thought that was unneeded and gave into U.S. demands. On the 28th Khrushchev ordered the missiles out of Cuba, and the crisis ended without a atomic war. After the crisis was over Kennedy, chose non to state or make anything that might be degrading to Castro, Kennedy didn # 8217 ; t want to mortify him any more. In January of 1991 six of Kennedy # 8217 ; s top AIDSs with Fidel Castro, Rail Castro, and some Russians, met in a conference room in Havana Cuba to discourse the crisis and other issues like: Castro # 8217 ; s attempts to subvert Cardinal American Governments, the Bay of Pigs invasion, and Operation Mongoose. Besides talked about was Cuba # 8217 ; s guerilla preparation on the Aisle of Youth. The conference went good and the issues were better understood afterward. In decision, the Cuban Missile Crisis was a major struggle for the universe, the cold war, and the Soviet, Cuban, and United States. The United States was so close to a atomic war, but had the marbless and encephalons to forestall it. If the crisis did travel atomic opportunities are we wouldn # 8217 ; t be here today.

The Fall of Innocence Essay Example

The Fall of Innocence Essay In the short story â€Å"The Fall of a City† by Alden Nowlan, the protagonist and main character Teddy is a boy who lives with his aunt and uncle. His relationship with them seems to be a permanent arrangement, forcing Teddy to create his own make-believe world. This shows that he is very imaginative. In his make-believe world Teddy is the hero, important, not simply a boy who is lonely, shy and emotional. First of all Teddy is a very imaginative boy. He creates his own make-believe world, where he is the hero; he is King Theodore, the king of Upalia. Teddy’s imaginative nature is shown by, â€Å"In the centre of the room stood a fort and a palace, painstakingly constructed from corrugated cardboard cartons. These were surrounded by humbler dwellings made from matchboxes and the covers of exercise books† (41). On one hand he is imaginative on the other hand he is lonely; he doesn’t have play mates and spend most of his time at the attic. When Teddy’s aunt says, â€Å"‘Seems to me that you’re spending a lot of time in that attic’† (42), his loneliness is evident. At the same time Teddy is very shy because his uncle always makes jokes about his make-believe world saying that he is playing with paper dolls. â€Å"His cheeks were the colour of a tomato† (45) portrays his shame. When Teddy â€Å"†¦was crying by the time he finished tearing it to shreds† (46), his emotional nature is exposed. Because of constant oppression of his aunt and uncle, Teddy loses his innocence and does not believe in his own make-believe world anymore. In brief Teddy is a boy who was imaginative, lonely, shy and emotional. Now what remains are only memories. Rafael Franciscon Fontes We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Innocence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Innocence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Fall of Innocence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Facts Hvdc Essay Example

Facts Hvdc Paper A Paper presented on â€Å"FACTS HVDC TRNAMISSION SYSTEMS† PRESENTED BY NITIN K. MOHURLE (T. E. ELECTRICAL) SHRAM SADHANA TRUST’S COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY BAMBHORI, JALGAON E-mail:- nitin. [emailprotected] com FACTS AND HVDC TRNSMISSION SYSTEMS Nitin Mohurle Shram Sadhana Trust’s College of Engineering And Technology, Jalgaon nitin. [emailprotected] com Abstract — Development of electrical power supplies began more than one hundred years ago. At the beginning, there were only small DC networks within narrow local boundaries, which were able to cover the direct needs of industrial plants by means of hydro energy. With an increasing demand on energy and the construction of large generation units, typically built at remote locations from the load centres, the technology changed from DC to AC. Power to be transmitted, voltage levels and transmission distances increased. FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission System) and HVDC (High Voltage Direct Current) are controllable devices whose functions are to enhance the security, capacity and flexibility of power transmission systems. Application of these components in power systems implies an improvement of transient and voltage stability, power oscillation damping and optimal power flow. DC transmission and FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) has developed to a viable technique with high power ratings since the 60s. From the first small DC and AC mini networks, there are now systems transmitting 3 4 GW over large distances with only one bipolar DC transmission: 1. 000 2. 000 km or more are feasible with overhead lines. We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Facts Hvdc specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer With submarine cables, transmission levels of up to 600 – 800 MW over distances of nearly 300 km have already been attained, and cable transmission lengths of up to 1. 300 km are in the planning stage. As a multiterminal system, HVDC can also be connected at several points with the surrounding three-phase network. FACTS is applicable in parallel connection or in series or in a combination of both. The rating of shunt connected FACTS controllers is up to 800 Mvar, series FACTS devices are implemented on 550 and 735 kV level to increase the line transmission capacity up to several GW. The fast development of power electronics based on new and powerful semiconductor devices has led to innovative technologies, such as high voltage dc transmission (HVDC) and flexible ac transmission system (FACTS), which can be applied in transmission and distribution systems. This paper has discussed the application of high voltage power electronics FACTS and HVDC controllers, needs of advance FACTS and HVDC based control for future power system and enhancing system stability and its development. HVDC and FACTS offer major advantages in meeting these requirements. Keywords—SVC Static Var Compensator SC Series Capacitor, VSC, STATCOM I. INTRODUCTION The development of Electric Power Industry follows closely the increase of the demand on electrical energy. Main driving factors for energy consumption are listed in Fig. 1. In the early years of power system developments this increase was extremely fast, also in industrialized countries, many decades with the doubling of energy consumption each 10 years. Such fast increase is nowadays still present in the emerging countries, especially in Far-East. In the industrialized countries the increase is, however, only about 1 to 2 % per year with an estimated doubling of the demand in 30 to 50 years. In next 20 years, power consumption in developing and emerging countries is expected to more than double, whereas in industrialized countries, it will increase only for about 40 %. Fast development and further extension of power systems can therefore be expected mainly in the areas of developing and emerging countries. However, because of a lack on available investments, the development of transmission systems in these countries does not follow the increase in power demand. Hence, there is a gap between transmission capacity and actual power demand, which leads to technical problems in the overloaded transmission systems. Interconnection of separated grids in the developed countries can solve some of these problems, however, when the interconnections are heavily loaded due to an increasing power exchange, the reliability and availability of the transmission will be reduced. A. POWER FACTOR To understand power factor, visualize a horse pulling a railroad car down a railroad track. Because the railroad ties are uneven, the horse must pull the car from the side of the track. The horse is pulling the railroad car at an angle to the direction of the car’s travel. The power required to move the car down the track is the working (real) power. The effort of the horse is the total (apparent) power. Because of the angle of the horse’s pull, not all of the horse’s effort is used to move the car down the track. The car will not move sideways; therefore, the sideways pull of the horse is wasted effort or nonworking (reactive) power. The angle of the horse’s pull is related to power factor, which is defined as the ratio of real (working) power to apparent (total) power. If the horse is led closer to the centre of the track, the angle of side pull decreases and the real power approaches the value of the apparent power. Therefore, the ratio of real power to apparent power (the power factor) approaches 1. As the power factor approaches 1, the reactive (nonworking) power approaches 0. Fig. 2 Reactive Power analogy B. REACTIVE POWER: Reactive power is a concept used by engineers to describe the background energy movement in an Alternating Current (AC) system arising from the production of electric and magnetic fields. These fields store energy which changes through each AC cycle. Devices which store energy by virtue of a magnetic field produced by a flow of current are said to absorb reactive power; those which store energy by virtue of electric fields are said to generate reactive power. Explanation for reactive power says that in an alternating current system, when the voltage and current go up and down at the same time, only real power is transmitted and when there is a time shift between voltage and current both active and reactive power are transmitted. But, when the average in time is calculated, he average active power exists causing a net flow of energy from one point to another, whereas average reactive power is zero, irrespective of the network or state of the system. In the case of reactive power, the amount of energy flowing in one direction is equal to the amount of energy flowing in the opposite direction (or different parts -capacitors, inductors, etc- of a network, exchange the rea ctive power). II. FACTS AND HVDC SYSTEM A. HVDC SYSTEM HVDC was first used commercially 50 years ago. Since then a growing number of transmission schemes have been constructed around the world. HVDC differs from high voltage alternating current, HVAC that the voltage is not alternating 50 or 60 cycles per second but is constant. The advantage of HVDC is that long distance transmission is more efficient as there is no need to charge the capacitance of a transmission line with the alternating voltage. The drawback of HVDC is that one needs more expensive terminals at the line ends. Fig. 3 Typical HVDC converter station using thyristor valves HVDC has a number of properties that makes it different from ac transmission. The most important are: The two stations can be connected to networks that are not synchronized or does not even have the same frequency * Power can be transmitted over very long distances without compensation for the reactive power. Reactive power is power that does not add to the transmitted power, but is a by-product at ac- transmission as the line or cable capacitances has to be charged 50 or 60 times per second. As HVDC has constant voltage it does not gene rate reactive power. See also figure 4. * Only two conductors are needed (or even one conductor if the ground or the sea is used as return) for HVDC compared to thre conductors for alternating current. Fig. 4 Shows the power that is possible to transmit as a function of the distance for ac- cables of various voltage stress compared to HVDC With ac high power can be transmitted short distances or low power long distances. HVDC cables can transmit high power over long distances. B. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System The objective of incorporating FACTS is into the power system lines are similar to HVDC but greater flexibility are involved like improving real power transfer capability in the lines, prevention of sub synchronous resonance (SSR)oscillations and damping of power swings [1]. FACTS devices have four well-known types which are used in many power systems in the world. ‘Single’ type controller is the types of FACTS that installed in series or shunt in an AC transmission line, while ‘unified’ type controller are the combined converters type of FACTS controllers like UPFC and HVDC. The size of a controller is dependent on the requirements of the network and desired power transmission at loading point Voltage Source Controller (VSC) is sinusoidal voltage and is used in power system and other application. The quality of the sine wave is dependent on the size or amount of the power electronics installed. C. LIMITATIONS OF LARGE AC SYSTEMS In large AC Systems with long distance transmission and synchronous interconnections, technical problems can be expected, which are summarized in Fig. 2. Main problems occur regarding load flow, system oscillations and inter-area oscillations. If systems have a large geographic extension and have to transmit large power over long distances, additional voltage and stability problems can arise. Fig. Limitations of Large AC systems III. FACTS, HVDC AND REACTIVE POWER FACTS has a lot to do with reactive power compensation, and indeed, that used to be the term utilized for the technology in the old days. Reactive power appears in all electric power systems, due to the laws of nature. Contrary to active power, which is what we really want to transmit over our power system, and which performs real work, such as keeping a lamp lit or a motor running, reactive power does not perform any such work. Consequently, in a way one can say that the presence f reactive power in a grid makes it heavier for it to perform its task, i. e. transmit power from A to B (Figure 1), and consequently less efficient than would otherwise be possible. We can also refer to Lenz? law, formulated already in the nineteenth century: Every change in an electrical system induces a counter-reaction opposing its origin. So, as a consequence, if we can minimize the flow of reactive power over the transmission system, we can make the system more efficient and put it to better and more economical use. We cannot altogether do without reactive power, though, because it is intimately linked with grid voltage (500 kV, 400 kV, 220 kV, etc). To get the correct grid voltage, we need the right amount of reactive power in the system. If there is not enough reactive power, the voltage will sag. And vice versa, if there is too much of it, the voltage will be too high. So, to have it in the right amounts at all times, and in the right places of the grid, that is the task to be performed by means of Reactive Power Compensation. Reactive power balance is important also from another point of view: it ensures that valuable space in transmission lines and equipment such as transformers is not occupied by â€Å"idle† reactive power, but rather available for a maximum of useful, active power as in fig. This is particularly crucial in situations where some fault appears in the grid. In such a situation, it will often be a matter of milliseconds for the Reactive Power Compensator, i. e. the FACTS device, to go into action and help restore the stability, and the voltage of the grid, in order to prevent, or mitigate, a voltage collapse. IV. LOSSES Maintaining proper balance of reactive power in the grid is important also from another point of view: too much reactive power flowing in the grid also gives rise to losses, and losses cost money which is always, at the end, charged to the customer. To prevent such losses, it is important that reactive power is not permitted to flow over long distances, because losses grow with the distance that the reactive power is flowing over. Instead, reactive power should be inserted where it is needed, i. e. close to large cities and/or large industry enterprises. This, too, is a task for FACTS HVDC SYSTEM. V. NEED OF REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION: In Figure , the representation of a capacitor inserted at the middle of the line for its compensation, is illustrated. Fig. 7 Distribution line with a capacitor for a given compensation The phasor diagram illustrated in Figure 8 it is illustrated the effect of the capacitor for a 50% of compensation. Once inserted the compensator, Figure 8, it can operate injecting a voltage in the line according to equation. VI. TECHNOLOGY UNDRRLYING FACTS AND HVDC A. VOLTAGE SOURCE CONVERTER: A new type of HVDC using transistors for the ac/dc conversion has been developed. By using components that can not only switch on the current but also switch it off, making it possible to build voltage source converters (VSC). This type of converters offers many advantages when it comes to transmission of power especially from sustainable energy systems. Fig. 9 VSC converter valve B. SERIES COMPENSATION: Fig. 10 In series compensation, the FACTS is connected in series with the power system. It works as a controllable voltage source. Series inductance occurs in long transmission lines, and when a large current flow causes a large voltage drop. To compensate, series capacitors are connected. C. SHUNT COMPENSATION: In shunt compensation, power system is connected in shunt (parallel) with the FACTS. It works as a controllable current source. Fig. 11 Shunt compensation is of two types: A] Shunt capacitive compensation: This method is used to improve the power factor. Whenever an inductive load is connected to the transmission line, power factor lags because of lagging load current. To compensate, a shunt capacitor is connected which draws current leading the source voltage. The net result is improvement in power factor. B] Shunt inductive compensation: This method is used either when charging the transmission line, or, when there is very low load at the receiving end. Due to very low, or no load  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ very low current flows through the transmission line. Shunt capacitance in the transmission line causes voltage amplification (Ferranti Effect). The receiving end voltage may become double the sending end voltage (generally in case of very long transmission lines). To compensate, shunt inductors are connected across the transmission line. Fig. 12 Use of Power Electronics foe Power Transmission VII. FACTS AND HVDC CONTROLLER A. SHUNT CONNECTED CONTROLLER FACTS controllers can be impedance type, based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability, which are called Static Var Compensator (SVC) for shunt-connected application. Another type of FACTS controllers is converter-based which is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM). B. STATIC VAR COMPENSATOR Static Var Compensator is â€Å"a shunt connected static Var generator or absorber whose output is adjusted to exchange capacitive or inductive current so as to maintain or control specific parameters of the electrical power system (typically bus voltage)†. SVC is based on thyristors without gate turn-off capability. The operating principal and characteristics of thyristors realize SVC variable reactive impedance. SVC includes two main components and their combination: (1) Thyristor-controlled and Thyristor-switched Reactor (TCR and TSR); and (2) Thyristor-switched capacitor (TSC). In Figure shows the diagram of SVC. C. CONVERTOR BASED COMPENSATOR Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) is one of the key Converter-based Compensators which are usually based on the voltage source inverter (VSI) or current source inverter (CSI), as shown in Figure. Unlike SVC, STATCOM controls the output current independently of the AC system voltage, while the DC side voltage is automatically maintained to serve as a voltage source. Mostly, STATCOM is designed based on the VSI. D. SERIES CONNECTED CONTROLLLER As shunt-connected controllers, series-connected FACTS controllers can also be divided into either impedance type or converter type. The former includes Thyristor-Switched Series Capacitor (TSSC), Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC), Thyristor-Switched Series Reactor, and Thyristor-Controlled Series Reactor. The latter, based on VSI, is usually in the form of a Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC). The composition and operation of different types are similar to the operation of the shunt-connected peers. E. STATIC SYNCHRONOUS COMPENSATOR As discussed in the previous section, STATCOM is a very popular FACTS controller application effective in transmission system voltage control. Since 1980 when the first STATCOM (rated at 20 Mvar) using force-commutated thyristor inverters was put into operation in Japan , many examples have been installed and the ratings have been increased considerably. APPLYING FLEXIBILITY TO THE ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEM The power industry term FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission Systems) covers a number of technologies that enhance the security, capacity and flexibility of power transmission systems. FACTS solutions enable power grid owners to increase existing transmission network capacity while maintaining or improving the operating margins necessary for grid stability. As a result, more power can reach consumers with a minimum impact on the environment, after substantially shorter project implementation times, and at lower investment costs – all compared to the alternative of building new transmission lines or power generation facilities. The two main reasons for incorporating FACTS devices in electric power systems are: * Raising dynamic stability limits * Provide better power flow control. ADVANTAGES OF FACTS AND HVDC SYSTEMS When implemented on a broad-scale basis, FACTS HVDC technologies deliver the following benefits. * A Rapidly Implemented Installations: FACTS projects are installed at existing substations and avoid the taking of public or private lands. They can be completed in less than 12 to 18 months a substantially shorter timeframe than the process required for constructing new transmission lines. * Increased System Capacity: FACTS provide increased capacity on the existing electrical transmission system infrastructure by allowing maximum operational efficiency of existing transmission lines and other equipment. * Enhanced System Reliability: FACTS strengthen the operational integrity of transmission networks, allowing greater voltage stability and power flow control, which leads to enhanced system reliability and security. Improved System Controllability: FACTS allow improved system controllability by building â€Å"intelligence† into the transmission network via the ability to instantaneously respond to system disturbances and gridlock constraints and to enable redirection of power flows * Seamless System Interconnections: FACTS, in the form of BTB dc-link configurations, can establish â€Å"seamless† interconne ctions within and between regional and local networks, allowing controlled power transfer and an increase in grid stability. DISADVANTAGES OF FACTS * The amount of power that can be send over a transmission line is limited. Origin of the limits varies depending on the length of the line. For short line, the heating of the conductors due to line losses sets a â€Å"thermal† limit. * The power flowing over an AC line is proportional to the sine of the phase angle of the voltage at the receiving and transmitting ends and it never reaches 90 degrees. Hence series capacitors or phase-shifting transformers are used on long lines to improve stability. CONCLUSION Power supply industry is undergoing dramatic change as a result of deregulation and political and economical driving forces in many parts of the world. This new market environment puts growing demands for flexibility and power quality into focus. Also, trade of electric power between countries is gaining momentum, to the benefit of all involved. This calls for the right solutions as far as power transmission facilities between countries as well as between regions within countries are concerned. * As indicated by the acronym, FACTS stands for flexibility in AC power systems. Properly utilized, this offers benefits to users of a variety of kinds. Without the need to reinforce the grid by means of additional or upgraded existing lines and/or substations FACTS brings about: * An increase of synchronous stability of the grid; * Increased power transmission capability; * Increased voltage stability in the grid; * Decreased power wheeling between different power systems; * Improved load sharing between parallel circuits; * Decreased overall system transmission losses; * Improved power quality in grids. The choice of FACTS device in each given case may not be obvious but may need to be made the subject of system studies, taking all relevant requirements and prerequisites of the system into consideration, so as to arrive at the optimum technical and economical solution. In fact, the best solution may often be a combination of devices. Finally, a rough and quick guideline to the use of FACTS in various applications: REFRRENCE: [1] Zhang, B. M. ; Ding, Q. F â€Å"The development of FACTS and its control†, Advances in Power System Control, Operation and Management, APSCOM-97. Fourth International Conference, Vol. 1, Nov. 1997, pp: 48 – 53 [2] Paserba, J. J. ; â€Å"How FACTS controllers benefit AC transmission systems†, Power Engineering Society General Meeting, IEEE, Vol. 2, June 2004, pp:1257 1262 [3] Edris, A, â€Å"FACTS technology development: an update†, Power Engineering Review, IEEE, Vol. 20, Issue 3, March 2000, pp: 599 627 [4] L. Gyugyi, â€Å"Application characteristics of converter-based FACTS controllers†, IEEE Conference on Power System Technology, Vol. , pp. 391 396, Dec. 2000. [5] N. G. Hingorani, L. Gyugyi, Understanding FACTS, Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission systems, IEEE Press 2000 [6] N. G. Hingorani,â€Å"High power electronics and flexible AC transmission system†, IEEE Power Engineering Review, Vol. 8, No. 7, pp. 3-4, July 1988. [7] IEEE FACTS Terms Definitions Task Force of the FACTS Working Group of the DC and FACTS subcommittee, â€Å"Proposed terms and definitions for Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS)†, IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 1848-1853, Oct. 1997.

Various Discussion Example

Various Discussion Example Various Discussion – Article Example Relativity/Evolution Scientific discovery plays a significant role in the development of human culture. In the twentieth century, developments in quantum physic had significant impact on American societies. Americans became the first witnesses of the potentials of modern physic. Indeed, quantum physic had a cultural larger cultural effect than the Darwin theory of natural selection. Unlike the dawn’s theory of natural selection, American scholars developed most of the quantum theories, with Einstein being the leading scientist. Furthermore, quantum physics had significant influence on World War II and the cold war, and the rise of information age. These occurrences transformed the views of ordinary Americans on science and inventions.SputnikSputnik 1 was the first manmade object to be launched into an orbit around the earth by the Soviet Union. The satellite came as a surprise to the Americans and it has sparked the so-called Sputnik crisis. This was followed by the Space Race between the United States and the Soviet Union. Indeed, the launch did promote fear among Americans. Lack of efficient communication systems led people into believing that the Soviets had ill motives against the Americans. However, the launch stimulated hope among the scientist concerning successful launches. The last Apollo mission happened in 1972, exactly 15 years after the launch of sputnik. The 15-year period, remains the most vibrant period in history in terms of scientific discovery and advancement of space technology. Indeed, the period brought unity among Americans. Big ScienceBig sciences have a role in the achievement of larger scientific endeavors. The big science projects, attempt to provide a response to the big scientific questions that have evaded scientists for years. Consequently, the projects have popularized science. In particular, The Big Sciences have sparked interests among young scholars. For instance NASA activities, the latest being the Curiosity Project i n Mars, have attracted millions of people across the globe. Other projects such as the CERN Large Hadron Collider have immense potential in the development of science. Science FictionAs a genre, science fiction often incorporates visions of utopia, dystopia, or uneasiness regarding the role of science within society. For instance, the movie Armitage II depicts a world controlled by cyborgs. The movie raises fears on future developments in science particularly robotics and space science. In another movie The Day the Earth Stood Still (1951), the filmmaker illustrates the impact of space age on humanity. This movie raises the big question of astronomy. Are we alone in the universe?

Reading response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Reading response - Assignment Example The use of such a latin terms exists within the institutionalized culture of law. The use of Latin terms shows that the field has a formal attitude as it conducts its businesses. According to the Cornell University Law School (2014), de novo means ‘from the new’. A court may hear a case in de novo following an appeal on an arbitration decision. The Latin meaning of the word helps to explain its purpose. The term shows that the legal profession has a rigid structure. This is because it needs to have a standard way of doing things. It does affect the lives of people in a fundamental way. In addition, it betrays the seriousness with which legal professionals conduct themselves. In addition, it helps the lawyers to maintain some distance from their clients. Some people may regard the use of Latin words in legal circles as snobbery. However, that is a rather simplistic deduction. This is because the use of those words is due to the tradition of law. According to Mattila (2013), Latin used to be a lingua Franca and its demise did not change how it is used in a field which is obsessed with keeping traditions. Furthermore, the use of technical terms is important in the judiciary where there must be a vocabulary to refer to the myriad situations that may arise in daily activities. Furthermore, Latin is a dead language. This is particularly important in a field where past cases have to be referenced. This is because a dead language is not being developed. As a result, there is no change in words. In addition, the use of the term helps to make it universal. It ensures that lawyers and other legal professionals can understand the term used everywhere. The legal industry is global in nature since judges have to refer to rulings made in other countries. Furthermore, the Latin words have come to attain a special meaning. The use of English words may cause confusion due to